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==Remote Medical Treatment Examinations and Medical-Legal Appointments==

On March 19, 2020, Gov. Gavin Newsom issued an executive order in response to COVID-19 requiring all individuals living in California to stay home or at their place of residence, except for what are deemed to be essential activities. Although health-care providers and hospital personnel are part of the essential workforce, not all medical services are essential. The California Coronavirus (COVID-19) Response website states, "Non-essential medical care like eye exams, teeth cleaning, and elective procedures must/should be cancelled or rescheduled. If possible, health care visits should be done remotely."<ref>See https://covid19.ca.gov/stay-home-except-for-essential-needs/.</ref> 

Employers generally view all workers' compensation doctors' visits as essential. Medical visits are necessary to determine whether an employee should remain off work, and if not, whether his or her work restrictions can be accommodated. Employers don't want COVID-19 restrictions to extend a worker's disability unnecessarily.

Many employees, in contrast, might feel that such appointments are not essential during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly if their condition hasn't changed. Even employees who believe that the visits are essential, such as when they must renew a prescription, might fear contracting the coronavirus during a doctor visit. 

COVID-19 prompted the Division of Workers' Compensation to issue a Newsline encouraging all parties to consider creative ways to provide care to injured workers. The DWC specifically noted that the increased use of telehealth (also called telemedicine) for medical treatment might be appropriate.<ref>See the DWC's Newsline of March 19, 2020 at: https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2020/2020-21.html.</ref>

==Telehealth for Medical Treatment Appointments==

Business and Professions Code § 2290.5(a)(6) defines telehealth as "the mode of delivering health care services and public health via information and communication technologies to facilitate the diagnosis, consultation, treatment, education, care management, and self-management of a patient’s health care." Telehealth enables a physician to use video conferencing, video calling or other similar technology to evaluate a patient. The Workers' Compensation Appeals Board has recognized that telehealth services may be used to treat injured workers.<ref>''Oranje v. Crestwood Behavioral Health'' (2014) 2014 Cal. Wrk. Comp. P.D. LEXIS 602.</ref> For further discussion on the use of telehealth, see "Sullivan on Comp" [https://app.sullivanoncomp.com/soc/index/title/7.3 Section 7.3 Scope of Care –– Applied Cases]. For a complete discussion on the timing of medical appointments and required reporting, see "Sullivan on Comp" [https://app.sullivanoncomp.com/soc/index/title/7.13 Section 7.13 Primary Treating Physician].

Normally, before treating via telehealth, a physician must obtain consent from the injured worker. BPC 2290.5(b) states: "[T]he health care provider initiating the use of telehealth shall inform the patient about the use of telehealth and obtain verbal or written consent from the patient for the use of telehealth as an acceptable mode of delivering health care services and public health. The consent shall be documented." On April 3, 2020, however, Gov. Newsom issued an executive order suspending the requirement to obtain verbal and written consent before the use of telehealth services.<ref>The executive order is available at https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/4.3.20-EO-N-43-20-text.pdf.</ref>

On April 13, 2020, the DWC adopted changes to the fee schedule to encourage the use of telehealth during the COVID-19 public health emergency.<ref>See the DWC's Newsline of April 13, 2020 at https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2020/2020-31.html.</ref> Essentially, the fee schedule was modified for physician services on or after April 15, 2020 to equalize the payment for a service whether provided in a physician’s office or through telehealth using real-time audio and video telecommunications. So the DWC encouraged the use of telehealth by making payment the same regardless of whether the evaluation is conducted in person or via telehealth.

On May 27, 2020, the DWC also gave notice that the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM) and MDGuidelines have released a Coronavirus (COVID-19) Clinical Practice Guideline.<ref>See the DWC's Newsline of May 27, 2020 at https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2020/2020-46.html.</ref> The DWC supports this guidance and plans to adopt and incorporate the ACOEM guideline into the medical treatment utilization schedule (MTUS). But because the evidence-based management of COVID-19 is fluid and evolving, guidelines are published frequently, so the DWC will wait to adopt and incorporate the ACOEM's COVID-19 guideline into the MTUS until the frequency of updates slows to the point at which the formal adoption process can be completed.

In the meantime, treatment recommendations pertaining to COVID-19 should follow the MTUS medical evidence search sequence found in the California Code of Regulations, Title 8, § 9792.21.1. This regulatory sequence requires a search of the most current version of ACOEM guidance and is discussed further in "Sullivan on Comp" [https://app.sullivanoncomp.com/soc/index/title/7.31 Section 7.31 Utilization Review — Medical Treatment Utilization Schedule].

==Telehealth for Medical-Legal Examinations==

Although telehealth services are permissible for treating an injured worker, normally they are not permitted for medical-legal evaluations. Qualified medical evaluators (QMEs) are required to conduct medical-legal evaluations face-to-face. California Code of Regulations, Title 8, § 49(b) defines "face to face time" as "only that time the evaluator is present with an injured worker." So it seems that QMEs must be physically present for specified time periods during an injured worker's examination, unless a video conference somehow could be seen to meet this definition (see "Sullivan on Comp" [https://app.sullivanoncomp.com/soc/index/title/14.44 Section 14.44 Evaluation Requirements and Rights]).

The Division of Workers' Compensation (DWC) noted that the QME program in California does not qualify as part of the critical infrastructure workforce under the Healthcare and Public Health Sector guidelines of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. So the medical-legal services were not exempt from the governor’s stay-at-home order.

QME evaluations, however, serve a vital role in the workers' compensation system. They are needed to resolve disputes regarding injured workers' entitlement to workers' compensation benefits and their ability to return to work.

On March 28, 2020, the DWC issued a Newsline noting that "it may be beneficial for parties to allow telehealth for QME evaluations when an in-person physical examination is not necessary."<ref>See the DWC's Newsline of March 28, 2020 containing the announcement at: https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2020/2020-26.html.</ref> At the time, the DWC made a "strong recommendation" regarding how parties should proceed with QME evaluations via telehealth.

On May 14, 2020, the Office of Administrative Law approved emergency regulations from the Division of Workers' Compensation (DWC) on the medical-legal process. The emergency regulations were drafted to address the ongoing need for medical-legal evaluations and to prevent a backlog resulting from the stay-at-home order. The regulations are intended to help injured workers and employers move their claims toward resolution while still allowing both injured workers and doctors to observe the stay-at-home order.<ref>See the DWC's Newsline of Oct. 13, 2020 at: https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2020/2020-90.html.</ref>

The original emergency regulations regarding medical-legal telehealth visits expired on Jan. 11, 2022. A new emergency regulation became effective Jan. 18, 2022 and was extended through  Jan. 18, 2023.<ref>See the DWC's Newsline of Oct. 19, 2022 at: https://www.dir.ca.gov/DIRNews/2022/2022-87.html.</ref> A permanent regulation was adopted effective Feb. 2, 2023. 

Per CCR 46.3(a), a remote health evaluation by a QME, AME, or other medical-legal evaluation may be performed through the use of electronic means of creating a virtual meeting between the physician and the injured worker where both can see and hear each other, even though they may not be in the same physical space or site. The regulations define "remote health" as "remote visits via video-conferencing, video-calling, or such similar technology that allows each party to see and converse with the other via a video and audio connection. The evaluation must be conducted with the same standard of care as in person visit and must comply with all relevant state and federal privacy laws."

Per CCR 46.3(a)(2), a QME or AME could complete a medical-legal evaluation through telehealth when a hands-on physical examination was not necessary and all of these conditions are met:

<ol>
<li>There is a medical issue in dispute that involves whether the injury is AOE/COE, or the physician is asked to address the termination of an injured worker’s indemnity benefit payments, or address a dispute regarding work restrictions.</li>
<li>There is agreement in writing to the remote health evaluation by the injured worker, the carrier or employer and the evaluator.</li>
<li>The remote health evaluation conducted by means of a virtual meeting is consistent with appropriate and ethical medical practices and the AMA guides 5th edition, as determined by the QME and the relevant medical licensing board.</li>
<li>The evaluator attests in writing that the evaluation does not require a physical exam.</li>
</ol>

For purposes of QME remote health evaluations, the medical office listed on the panel selection form for the QME is deemed the site of the remote health evaluation. For all other remote evaluations, the physician's medical office that's within a reasonable geographic distance from the injured worker’s residence will be deemed the site of the remote evaluation (CCR 46.3(b)).

Under former emergency CCR 46.3, an agreement to a telehealth evaluation could not be unreasonably denied.<ref>See ''Ceballos v. Access to Independence of San Diego,'' 2022 Cal. Wrk. Comp. P.D. LEXIS 81.</ref> That language no longer appears in the current regulations.

==Electronic Service of Medical-Legal Reports==

Originally, California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 36.7 was adopted as an emergency regulation to allow medical-legal reports to be served electronically. Later, it was adopted on a permanent basis. For a detailed discussion on the rules for serving medical-legal reports, see "Sullivan on Comp" [https://app.sullivanoncomp.com/soc/index/title/14.47 Section 14.47 Service of Comprehensive Medical-Legal Reports].

CCR 36.7 explains that electronic service may be performed directly by the physician, by an agent of the physician, or through an electronic service provider. It permits electronic service of a medical-legal report, but only if the parties agree and a written confirmation of that agreement is made. At the time of giving consent to electronic service, a party or entity must provide the party’s electronic address to receive electronic service.

The medical-legal report or other papers must be transmitted to an email address maintained by the person or entity on whom it is served, using the most recent address provided to the physician by the party who consented to accept service electronically.

Service is deemed complete at the time of transmission. Any period of notice and any right or duty to act or make any response within any period or on a date certain after service of the document will be extended by two business days. 

All the terms of CCR 36 and CCR 36.5 apply except that the reports may be served electronically. Mandatory form 122 may be replaced by an affidavit of proof of electronic service for medical-legal reports. A provider must maintain an original copy of all documents electronically served.

==See Also==

*[[Remote Depositions]]

==References==

<references/>

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